Soil water retention curve of agrogray soils: influence of anisotropy and the scaling factor

The soil water characteristic or soil water retention curve (WRC) of medium-loamy gray forest soil horizons was studied in cylinder-shaped samples of disturbed and undisturbed structure. The sample height varied within 2-4 cm and the diameter within 4.5-10 cm. The soil monoliths were sampled in three profiles: vertically, along the slope, and across the slope in accordance with the intrasoil paleorelief formed by the fun-nel-shaped surface of the second humus horizon. The experimental WRC were approximated with the van Genuchten equatio

Comparison of methods of organization of integrated security systems

The analysis of methods of organization of operating security systems, as well as security systems projects based on Raspberry Pi and Arduino, was conducted. The main components of these systems and their own method are shownПроведен анализ методов организации действующих систем безопасности, а также проектов систем безопасности на базе Raspberry Pi и Arduino. Показаны основные составляющие данных систем и собственного метод

Dynamics of physical properties of soils and humus reserves in salted soils under desertification

The dynamics of the physical properties and reserves of humus in saline soils of an arid semi-desert zone is presented. The basis for the research was observational data for 2010-2022. in a typical hilly landscape of the Astrakhan region. A grid of 100 × 100 m was laid. Soil studies were carried out at the grid nodes along the sampling layers. We studied the change in physical properties (soil moisture; salt content according to the amount of dense residue; soil density; filtration coefficient; soil porosity; moisture reserve), humus reserves and salt state of saline soils under desertification. Comparative analysis showed that negative changes have taken place in the study area and it can be stated that the processes of soil degradation and desertification are intensively developing. It has been established that in the soil layer of 0–40 cm there was a significant reduction in soil moisture reserves against the background of an increase in maximum air and soil surface temperatures, as well as changes in the hydrological regime because of the embankment of the territory. Dehumification processes are observed. The most clearly negative trend was revealed for meadow solonchaks. The change in the hydrological regime of the territory because of embankment contributes to an increase in the areas of automorphic soils in the landscape and a reduction in the areas of meadow soils. An increase in the degree of salinity and compaction was recorded for automorphic zonal soils. The physical destruction of the Baer's hills exacerbates the processes of degradation and the development of desertification in such conditions

Law Enforcement as Discretion and Legal Process

This article investigates the analytical and synthesis aspects of a wide range of sources, considering law enforcement from a dual perspective: as legal discretion and as a kind of legal process. This research applied the classical methodology of qualitative analysis of systems and processes, in particular, a system-analytical approach to the study of research object

Analysis of clothing elements reflecting fashion trends in the collection of fashion shows

The aim of the work is to study fashion trends, to establish a set of elements through which changes are expressed in models (samples) of collections of fashion shows of clothes, and how these changes are introduced into mass production and are repeated over time. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the development of a methodology for studying clothing samples, identifying fashion trends and making forecasts. The results obtained can be used in training for the formation of competencies among specialists in the field of fashion technology, modeling and clothing design, at industry enterprises for the development of promising collections. The proposed technique was tested, elements of models and materials were identified, the use and combination of which ensures the relative novelty and integrity of the collections, forms a promising trend, which is further implemented in the mass production of clothing

Эффективность применения препарата Целлекс® для лечения пациентов с хронической ишемией головного мозга и умеренными когнитивными расстройствами

Background. Cognitive disorders may often lead to professional invalidisation and increasing dependence on the external assistance in every day life. Identification of patients with preserved intellectual status and social adaptation but with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be an effective measure. MCI detection and timely initiation of treatment in most patients is essential to delay the onset of severe dementia.Objective. Investigating influence of Cellex in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and MCI.Materials and methods. As a part of non-interventional observational comparative study we evaluated the results of Cellex administration in 90 patients with MCI. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Patients from both groups received 1 course of 10 subcutaneous injections of Cellex drug at the dose of 1 mL, and patients from group 2 received two identical courses with an interval of two months. The survey, which included psychometric testing by using special questionnaires (Mini-Mental State Examination, “Frontal Assessment Battery” and “Clock Drawing” tests, Schulte test) was performed before treatment, and at months 1 and 2 after its completion.Results. Neuropsychological examination revealed improvement in the patients state, more pronounced after the 2nd course of therapy.Discussion. Our results provide a basis for using Cellex in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and MCI, allowing to proceede with further studies on the optimal dosage of that drug.Введение. Когнитивные нарушения – распространенная причина потери работоспособности и нарастающей зависимости от посторонней помощи в повседневном быту. Эффективным считается выявление пациентов, интеллектуальная работоспособность и социальная адаптация которых сохранены, однако имеются нарушения памяти, внимания и иных мозговых функций, рассматриваемые в рамках умеренных когнитивных расстройств (УКР). Обнаружение УКР и своевременное начало лечения у большинства пациентов способны отсрочить развитие тяжелой деменции.Цель работы. Изучение возможности применения препарата Целлекс® у больных с хронической ишемией головного мозга и УКР.Материалы и методы. В рамках неинтервенционного наблюдательного несравнительного исследования оценивали результаты применения препарата Целлекс® у 90 больных с УКР. Пациенты были разделены на 2 группы. Больным обеих групп был проведен 1 курс из 10 подкожных инъекций препарата Целлекс® в дозе 1 мл, при этом пациенты 2-й группы получили 2 идентичных курса с интервалом 2 мес. Обследование, включавшее психометрическое тестирование с использованием опросников (краткая шкала оценки психического статуса, тесты «батарея лобной дисфункции» и «рисование часов», проба Шульте), проводили до начала лечения, через 1 и 2 мес после его окончания.Результаты. Нейропсихологическое обследование выявило улучшение состояния больных, в большей степени выраженное после 2-го курса терапии.Обсуждение. Полученные результаты дают основание для применения Целлекс® у пациентов с хронической ишемией головного мозга и УКР и проведения дальнейших исследований по выбору оптимального дозирования препарата

Genotypic properties of collection plague microbes strains from the natural plague foci of Kazakhstan

Background. Epidemiological and epizootological monitoring of natural plague foci requires an integrated approach to solving problems, taking into account the phenotypic and genetic variability of Y. pestis and zoning of natural plague foci. The introduction of a new molecular genetic methodology aimed at studying the genomic polymorphism of the plague pathogen provides reliable results for the differentiation of not only groups, but also individual strains.The aim. To determine the genotypes of the plague microbe from different autonomous foci of the Republic of Kazakhstan.Materials and methods. 105 strains of Y. pestis isolated from various natural plague foci of Kazakhstan in 1951–2015 were studied. The phenotypic properties of the strains were studied using standard microbiological methods. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect fragments of the cafl, pst and YPO2088 genes. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) was performed for 25 VNTR loci.Results. The phenotypic properties of the strains were preliminarily studied and the strains of the plague microbe were tested for specificity using the Pest-Quest test system (Kazakhstan). The PCR study confirmed the species-specific affiliation of Y. pestis strains. A variety of strains with typical phenotypic characteristics was revealed. MLVA for 25 key loci (MLVA25) revealed that the studied strains of the plague microbe are phylogenetically closest to the Mediaevalis biovar representatives. A phylogenetic tree of the studied strains has been obtained. It was found that 9 genotypes circulate on the territory of Kazakhstan, and their distribution in certain natural plague foci was determined.Conclusions. The resulting clustering indicates the relationship between the strain groups obtained on the dendrogram by the MLVA25 method and the territories of certain natural plague foci

Zoning of the Territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Degree of Intensity of the Epizootic Situation on Plague in Camels

The aim of the study was to improve epizootiological monitoring and increase the effectiveness of preventive (anti-epidemic) measures for camel plague control in Kazakhstan.Materials and methods. We used the data on epizootiological and epidemiological monitoring in natural plague foci of Kazakhstan, long-term measurements and indicators for the period of 2000–2020 of the anti-plague and veterinary services of the Republic for the analysis. To process the evidence, epidemiological, epizootiological, microbiological, and statistical research methods, as well as GIS technology were applied.Results and discussion. The number of camels has increased by 2.2 times in Kazakhstan over the past 20 years.  Where there were 98.2 thousand heads in 2000, it amounted to 216.4 thousand heads in 2020. Over the past 10 years, 152 camels died of unknown causes in the focal area of the country, but laboratory tests for plague turned out negative. According to the hazard criteria, the territory of the country has been conditionally divided into three zones: five regions with a high degree of hazard with a total area of 953.15 sq. km, five regions with medium degree of hazard with a total area of 1230.72 sq. km, and with a low degree of hazard – four regions and three cities of republican significance with a total area of 541.1 sq. km. Constant epizootiological monitoring over plague in camels is a necessity for the system of preventive measures

Сравнительная эффективность симультанных и этапных операций у пациентов с атеросклеротическим поражением сонных и коронарных артерий

Objective: comparative systematic analysis of clinical trials of staged and simultaneous approaches in the surgical treatment of combined carotid and coronary stenosis based on the literature search.Material and methods. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Scopus using predefined acceptance criteria. To compare data of simultaneous and staged surgery cumulative indicators of heart attack, stroke and mortality, expressed as percentages and absolute numbers, were analyzed; the Mantel–Hensel formula and the χ2 method were used to assess the relative risk of major adverse cardio-cerebral events development and mortality.Results. The analysis included 7 studies containing one intervention (4 simultaneous and 3 stage methods). The risk of developing myocardial infarction was RR 0.13 (95% CI 0.02–0.67) for simultaneous tactics, and RR 7.79 (95% CI 1.5–40.43) for staged tactics (p˂0.005). The risk of stroke developing was RR 1.29 (95% CI 0.56–2.99) for a simultaneous approach, and RR 0.78 (95% CI 0.33–1.8) for stage approach (p˃0.05). The risk of mortality was RR 0.77 (95% CI 0.31–1.88) for simultaneous procedures, and RR 1.3 (95% CI 0.53–3.18) for staged procedures (p˃0.05).Conclusion. Staged tactics for combined carotid and coronary stenosis may be accompanied by a significantly higher risk of myocardial infarction. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the risk of stroke and mortality, but there was a trend towards a higher risk of stroke in the simultaneous group and a higher risk of death from all causes in the staged group.Цель: сравнительный анализ клинических исследований этапного и симультанного подходов в хирургическом лечении сочетанных поражений каротидного и коронарного русла по данным литературы.Материал и методы. Был выполнен систематический поиск литературы в базе данных PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar и Scopus с помощью предварительно определенных критериев приемлемости. Сравнивая данные симультанной хирургии с этапной хирургией, анализировали кумулятивные показатели частоты инфаркта, инсульта и летальности, выраженные в процентах и абсолютных цифрах. Для оценки относительного риска (related risk, RR) развития осложнений использовали формулу Мантеля–Хензеля и критерий χ2.Результаты. В анализ вошли 7 исследований, которые содержали одно вмешательство (4 симультанных и 3 этапных метода). Риск развития инфаркта миокарда: при симультанной тактике – RR 0,13 (95% ДИ 0,02–0,67), при этапной – RR 7,79 (95% ДИ 1,5-40,43) (р˂0,005). Риск развития инсульта: при симультанном подходе – RR 1,29 (95% ДИ 0,56–2,99), при этапном – RR 0,78 (95% ДИ 0,33–1,8) (р˃0,05). Риск летальности: при симультанных операциях – RR 0,77 (95% ДИ 0,31–1,88), при этапных – RR 1,3 (95% ДИ 0,53–3,18) (р˃0,05).Заключение. Этапная тактика при сочетанных стенозах каротидного и коронарного русла может сопровождаться достоверно более высоким риском развития инфаркта миокарда. В отношении риска развития инсульта и летальности статистически достоверной разницы между группами выявлено не было, но отмечена тенденция к более высокому риску инсульта в симультанной группе и более высокому риску смерти от всех причин в этапной группе